Marzano

Technology and Marzano's Instructional Strategies.

The technology integration ideas listed with each of Marzano's instructional strategies represent just a few of many potential technology applications. If you have questions about any of the technology applications listed, or would like to hear more about other possibilities, please contact Scott Sisemore.

1. Identifying Similarities and Differences

The ability to break a concept into its similar and dissimilar characteristics allows students to understand (and often solve) complex problems by analyzing them in a more simple way. Teachers can either directly present similarities and differences, accompanied by deep discussion and inquiry, or simply ask students to identify similarities and differences on their own. While teacher-directed activities focus on identifying specific items, student- directed activities encourage variation and broaden understanding, research shows. Research also notes that graphic forms are a good way to represent similarities and differences.

Applications:

Use Venn diagrams or charts to compare and classify items.
Engage students in comparing, classifying, and creating metaphors and analogies.

Technology Integration Ideas:

Blogging
SmartArt Graphic Organizers (Microsoft Word)
Mind Maps (https://bubbl.us/)
Have students create fake facebook profiles for countries, historical figures, or literary figures to demonstrate similarities and differences.
Use images to teach about metaphors
Use Clipart to create analogies and metaphors

2. Summarizing and Note Taking

These skills promote greater comprehension by asking students to analyze a subject to expose what's essential and then put it in their own words. According to research, this requires substituting, deleting, and keeping some things and having an awareness of the basic structure of the information presented. Research shows that taking more notes is better than fewer notes, though verbatim note taking is ineffective because it does not allow time to process the information. Teachers should encourage and give time for review and revision of notes; notes can be the best study guides for tests.

Applications:

Provide a set of rules for creating a summary.
When summarizing, ask students to question what is unclear, clarify those questions, and then predict what will happen next in the text.
Use teacher-prepared notes.
Stick to a consistent format for notes, although students can refine the notes as necessary.

Technology Integration Ideas:

Blogging
After students complete a summary exercise, have them use Auto Summarize for a comparison.
Use a Wiki or Google Docs for collaborative summarizing and/or note taking.
Use Voice Thread for summarizing and note taking activities

Possible iPad Apps
Free

Evernote- This popular app allows users to save notes across multiple sources in an easy to use space. You can clip full websites, articles, or selections of important information and tag the clips to help organize ideas. The use of tags allows users to more easily synthesize information from multiple sources. The app also allows users to share notes with others (teachers or fellow students), which allows teachers to evaluate student progress, share teacher-prepared notes as examples or create opportunities for collaboration and sharing in groups.
PaperPort Notes- A combined note taking and document annotation app for the iPad, PaperPort Notes allows users to type or write freehand notes, use voice recognition to dictate notes (great for some special needs students), annotate over imported documents from the web, your Dropbox or Box.net accounts, or documents folder. You can also import files or snapshots from the web, copied contents from the iPad clipboard and images from the camera. Teachers and students can share summary frame templates via imported documents from the web, Dropbox, Box.net, or PaperPort Anywhere accounts.

Paid

Note taker HD

Notability

3. Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition

Effort and recognition speak to the attitudes and beliefs of students, and teachers must show the connection between effort and achievement. Research shows that although not all students realize the importance of effort, they can learn to change their beliefs to emphasize effort. According to research, recognition is most effective if it is contingent on the achievement of a certain standard. Also, symbolic recognition works better than tangible rewards.

Applications:

Share stories about people who succeeded by not giving up.
Have students keep a log of their weekly efforts and achievements, reflect on it periodically, and even mathematically analyze the data.
Find ways to personalize recognition. Give awards for individual accomplishments.
"Pause, Prompt, Praise." If a student is struggling, pause to discuss the problem, then prompt with specific suggestions to help her improve. If the student's performance improves as a result, offer praise

Technology Integration Ideas:

Have students keep digital portfolios on Weebly or Google Sites and share them periodically.
Give students praise for a job well done on your class blog.
Post examples of student work on Edmodo and/or your class website.
Create and handout digital badges for recognition on Edmodo.

4. Homework and Practice

Homework provides students with the opportunity to extend their learning outside the classroom. However, research shows that the amount of homework assigned should vary by grade level and that parent involvement should be minimal. Teachers should explain the purpose of homework to both the student and the parent or guardian, and teachers should try to give feedback on all homework assigned. Research shows that students should adapt skills while they're learning them. Speed and accuracy are key indicators of the effectiveness of practice.

Applications:

Establish a homework policy with advice-such as keeping a consistent schedule, setting, and time limit-that parents and students may not have considered.
Tell students if homework is for practice or preparation for upcoming units.
Maximize the effectiveness of feedback by varying the way it is delivered.
Assign timed quizzes for homework and have students report on their speed and accuracy.
Focus practice on difficult concepts and set aside time to accommodate practice periods.

Technology Integration Ideas:

Create podcasts or screencasts that introduce students to new content.
Create your own educational games.
Set up a discussion thread on Edmodo.
Flip your classroom (1 to 1 only).
Create a page on your class website with educational games that emphasis practice.
Use Quiz hub to encourage practice at home. (kids can take a screen shot of their screen to turn in)
Use Flashc ard Machine to create study guides for students to use at home.
Have students create screencasts at home using ShowMe or another screencasting app.

Possible iPad Apps
Free

Showme- Turn your iPad into your personal interactive whiteboard! ShowMe allows you to record voice-over whiteboard tutorials and share them online. It’s an amazingly simple app that anyone can use, no matter how young or old!

5. Nonlinguistic Representations

According to research, knowledge is stored in two forms: linguistic and visual. The more students use both forms in the classroom, the more opportunity they have to achieve. Recently, use of nonlinguistic representation has proven to not only stimulate but also increase brain activity.

Applications:

Incorporate words and images using symbols to represent relationships.
Use physical models and physical movement to represent information.

Technology Integration Ideas

Use SmartArt to create graphic organizers.
Have students demonstrate understanding by creating their own graphic organizers in SmartArt.
Use programs such as Google Earth and Google Art to design activities that require visual processing.
Have students create Prezi presentations.
Have students create movie trailers in iMovie.
Have students create digital poster boards using Glogster.
Use photographs from the National Archives Digital Vault.
Have students create visual presentations with Animoto or Educreations.
Create graphs using Excel or Google Forms.
Allow students to create their own comics to represent ideas or concepts

Possible iPad Apps
Free

Educreations- Description Educreations turns your iPad into a recordable whiteboard. Creating a great video tutorial is as simple as touching, tapping and talking. Explain a math formula... Create an animated lesson... Add commentary to your photos... Diagram a sports play...With voice recording, realistic digital ink, photos and text, and simple sharing through email, Facebook or Twitter, now you can broadcast your ideas from anywhere.

National Archives, Docs Teach- Engage in activities that will help you make sense of stories, events, and ideas of the past using documents from the holdings of the US National Archives. Choose an historical topic and challenge yourself with an activity. Or, find activities in a classroom set up just for you, using the code provided to you from the DocsTeach.org web site. DocsTeach.org is an online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives. On the web site, you will discover thousands of primary sources and learning activities. When registered for a free account, teachers can borrow from and modify an ever-expanding collection of activities, plus create unique ones using the online tools. Log in and create classrooms full of activities, then share the classroom’s auto generated code with your students to access on their iPads.
WordSalad- Make great wordsalads out of documents that matter (or not) to you! With WordSalad you can make beautiful word clouds, super customized with different fonts, colors and words layouts.

6. Cooperative Learning

Research shows that organizing students into cooperative groups yields a positive effect on overall learning. When applying cooperative learning strategies, keep groups small and don't overuse this strategy-be systematic and consistent in your approach.

Applications:

When grouping students, consider a variety of criteria, such as common experiences or interests.
Vary group sizes and objectives.
Design group work around the core components of cooperative learning-positive interdependence, group processing, appropriate use of social skills, face-to-face interaction, and individual and group accountability.

Technology Integration Ideas:

Design Problem Based Learning Activities that require students to work together to solve problems and accomplish tasks. (WebQuest)
Have students collaborate to create classroom or project wiki pages.
Create a collaborative project with a class in another country with Skype for Education.
Create small groups in Edmodo to facilitate cooperative learning activities.
Have students create a newscast using a MacBook or iPad.
Introduce new vocab by having students create comic strips using the terms in context. Students can then teach each other by exchanging

7. Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback

Setting objectives can provide students with a direction for their learning. Goals should not be too specific; they should be easily adaptable to students' own objectives. Research shows that feedback generally produces positive results. Teachers can never give too much; however, they should manage the form that feedback takes.

Applications:

Set a core goal for a unit, and then encourage students to personalize that goal by identifying areas of interest to them. Questions like "I want to know" and "I want to know more about . . ." get students thinking about their interests and actively involved in the goal-setting process.
Use contracts to outline the specific goals that students must attain and the grade they will receive if they meet those goals.
Make sure feedback is corrective in nature; tell students how they did in relation to specific levels of knowledge. Rubrics are a great way to do this.
Keep feedback timely and specific.

Encourage students to lead feedback sessions.

Technology Integration Ideas:

Have students blog about their personal goals for a unit or activity and reflect when done.
Create digital rubrics and checklists so students know exactly what is expected of them.
Have students give peer feedback using Edmodo or Wikis
Use the feedback/annotation tool in Edmodo to give students digital feedback on their work.
Create checklists for large projects to help students meet objectives. (You can use Google Forms to create a checklist to embed on your website or in Edmodo).
Upload work to VoiceThread and leave comments.
Embed audio feedback into a student's Word document or PowerPoint.
Use the editing feature with student work in Microsoft Word.
Have students create KWHL charts using this free iPad App.
Use the quiz feature in Edmodo to do a pre-test.

8. Generating and Testing Hypotheses

Research shows that a deductive approach (using a general rule to make a prediction) to this strategy works best. Whether a hypothesis is induced or deduced, students should clearly explain their hypotheses and conclusions.

Applications:

Ask students to predict what would happen if an aspect of a familiar system, such as the government or transportation, were changed.
Ask students to build something using limited resources. This task generates questions and hypotheses about what may or may not work.
Includes 6 types of tasks:

                     1. Systems Analysis (Predict what might happen if one part of a system changes.)
                     2. Problem Solving (Focus on unstructured, real life problems that may have more
                              than one solution.)
                     3. Decision Making (Make a prediction and weigh it against other possible alternatives.)
                     4. Historical Investigation (“What really happened?” “Why did this happen?”)
                     5. Experimental Inquiry (Not only used in science!)
                     6. Invention (“Shouldn’t there be a better way to…?”)

Technology Integration Ideas:

Have students play educational role-playing games that simulate a theory or hypothesis (Example: students learning about the law of supply and demand may test what they have learned by playing the Lemonade Stand Game).
Have students work together on a Problem Based Learning Activity to solve a problem that requires critical thinking. (Example: Students work together on a WebQuest to determine which renewable and non-renewable energy sources would best suit a particular city's energy needs.
Have students use primary sources to make determinations regarding perceptions about historical events.
Have students use interactive simulations to test what they have learned.
Interactively build a rocket or bridge.
Participate in Choose your Own Adventure activities.
Use Googl e Earth Historical Imagery to analyze historical information.

Cues, Questions, and Advanced Organizers

Cues, questions, and advance organizers help students use what they already know about a topic to enhance further learning. Research shows that these tools should be highly analytical, should focus on what is important, and are most effective when presented before a learning experience.

Applications:

Pause briefly after asking a question. Doing so will increase the depth of your students' answers.
Vary the style of advance organizer used: Tell a story, skim a text, or create a graphic image. There are many ways to expose students to information before they "learn" it.

Technology Integration Ideas:

Create a World Cloud with text from an upcoming chapter or unit. Have students work together to analyze the word cloud and make predictions about the upcoming topics, terms, and main ideas.
Use art or other images to expose students to new information and activate prior knowledge.
Have students respond to cues or questions that activate prior knowledge on their blog. Once the new information is presented, have students reflect on that initial blog entry.
Create Anticipation Guides in Google Forms.
Use Glogster to create cues, questions, and advanced organizers.
Create an "Aura" using Aurasma to expose students to information before they "learn it".